语法
一、句子成分
1.主语
定义：句子的主体，所描述的对象。
谁来做，常由名词、代词、主语从句、有名词功能的词（doing、to do）来担任。
eg：
①The boy is very happy. n.名词
②I love you. 代词
③That he has come back is said. 主语从句
在英语中，当主语大于一个单词，习惯用形式主语 it 来代替，真正的主语放在最后。
It is said that he has come back.
That he changed surprised us. → It is surprised us that he changed.
学习英语 benefits us.
Learn English benefits us. 错误，Learn是动词。
Learning English benefits us. 正确。
见到你 is nice.
Meet you is nice. 错误，meet是动词。
Meeting you is nice. 正确。
It is nice to meet you. 正确。
当doing作主语，并且多于一个单词，一般不用 it 代替。
当to do作主语，并且多于一个单词，一般用 it 代替。
2.谓语
定义：形容作主语动作或状态的成分，放在主语之后。
常由实义动词、系动词（或结合助动词、情态动词一起）来担任。
动词按照语义和在谓语中的作用可分为四类：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。
实义动词
① 表示物体的动作 一般能做出来，比如：跑、走、起床、刷牙…
② 语义完整
③ 可单独做谓语
LiMing runs fast.
系动词
① 表示物体状态、性质 做不出来的动作
② be / 感官动词 / 变化动词 是
感官动词比较特殊：
比如，smell 闻，闻这个动作能做出来，是一个实义动词，但是它表示“闻起来”时，蛋糕闻起来很香甜，这个“闻起来”就做不出来，是一个感官动词。类似的还有 听起来，看起来
变化动词：
天气变冷了。 这个就做不出来，属于变化动词。
助动词
① 帮助实义动词、系动词构成
xm likes xh. xm doesn’t likes xh. 帮助 likes 完成否定
② 否定句，疑问句，各种时态，被动语态。
Does huge like xm.
Will xm like xl? xm以后会喜欢xl吗？ will帮助构成将来时。
xm is liked by himself. is作助动词，like实义动词，被动语态
③ 无语义
④ 不可单独做谓语
⑤ be / have / will
情态动词
① 表示说话人情绪、态度、语气
② 语义不完整
③ 不可单独作谓语
④ can / may / must / need 等
I may be go there. 我可能去那。 ×
I may go there. may 情态动词，表态度
- Mother bought me a new computer.
- We all have agreed on the contract.
- We are students.
- Can you do it ? 情态动词 + 实义动词 -> 谓语
3.宾语
定义：动作的承受者，放在谓语之后。
常由名词、代词、宾语从句，有名词功能的词（doing、to do）来担任。
① He published many books. 名词
② She said that she would come back on time. 宾语从句
I love 阅读. I love read. ×
I love reading. I love to read. √
4.补语
定义：对于主语、宾语的补充
常由名词、形容词、介词短语担任
① He makes his family proud. 他使他的家人感到骄傲。
He 主语 ，makes 谓语 ，his family 宾语 ，proud 补语 使语义完整。
② I named my cat Tom. 我为我的猫取名Tom。
③ They found everything in good condition.
5.表语
定义：系动词之后对主语的补语
常由名词、形容词、介词短语构成。
He looks very angry. looks 看起来
I am student.
6.定语
定义：形容修饰名词的成分
常由形容词、名词、数词、定语从句、非谓语、介词短语来担任。
red big 苹果
红 和 大都是说苹果，且彼此独立，big 和 red 是 单个定语成分。
单个定语成分：
=1一个单词 → 前置 → 定语 n
>1个单词 → 后置 → the n 定语
It’s an interesting story. it 主语 ，is 系/谓语 ，interesting 定语 ，stroy 表语
I can see a lemon tree from my room.
who is the woman in red ? >1个单词
The man who is your friend is here. >1个单词，后置
7.状语
定义：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、全句的成分。
一般由 副词、介词短语、状语从句担任。
在句中表时间、地点、方式、让步、目的、原因、条件、结果、比较等语义。
He runs fast. fast 副词
Her uncle lives in Canada.
The uress is stunningly beautiful. 修饰beautiful
The American boy speeks chinese very well. American定语，very well修饰speeks
Fortunately , he survived the file. 幸运地
8.同位语
定义：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且句法功能也一样，那么后一项称前一项的同位语。
常由名词、代词、有名词功能的词、同位语从句来担任。
This is my friend Harry. my friend == Harry
We students should study hard. We == students
This is my job , teaching students.
The boss himself interviewed the job applicant.
The face that he is here is true.
单词
vi表示不及物动词，vt表示及物动词。vi后不直接加宾语，vt可以。
1. benefit
n. ①益处 ②救济金 v. ①受益，得益 ②有益于
Not everyone with HSAM has experienced these benefits,however.
HSAM："超级自传体记忆"
2. relationship
n. ①关系 ②关联，联系
Their relationship is only the one between the superior and inferior,and nothing else special.
3. program
n. ①计划，方案 ②节目(单) ③课程 ④(活动的)程序单
vt. ①为...编写程序 ②设置
Some robots are already programmed with basic human values.
4. average
adj. ①平均(数)的 ②平常的
n.平均值 v.平均为
on average：平均来看
Such fathers on average now spend about 6.5 hours a week on child care.
5. invest
v. ①投资 ②投入（精力等） ③授予 ④赋有
Meanwhile , it has invest billions of dollars overseas as well.
6. consumer n.消费者
7. critical a.①批判的 ②关键性的 ③危急的 ④评论性的
critical mind
Many people are strongly critical of the school.
8. respect
vt. 尊敬 n. ①尊敬 ②方面 ③敬意
with respect to 关于
With respect to your request,I am not yer able to agree.
9. limit
vt. 限制 n. ①界限 ②限度
be limited to sth 局限于某事
A lack of formal education will limited your job opportunities.
10. shift
v. ①转移 ②改变(想法) n. ①当班时间 ②转变
The shift in perspective led him to embrance the business even more whole heartedly.
11. issue
n. 议题,争论的问题 vt. ①正式发行 ②分发
12. economic a. 经济学的,经济上的
economics n. ①经济学 ②经济状况
13. increasingly
ad. 不断在增加的，越来越多的
Nowadays people reply increasingly on compute.
14. contribute
v. 捐献，捐助 vi. 促成，造成
Contribute to (doing) sth 促成(做)某事
Does smoking contribute to lung cancer?
15. data
n. ①数据,资料 ②(能存储，使用的)资料
16. factor
n. ①因素，要素 ②系数 vt. 将...分解为因子
factor sth in 把...考虑在内
What factors make you more or less interlligent?
17. reduce sb to doing sth 迫使某人做某事
reduce sth to ashes 把某物化为灰烬
18. reduction
n. (尺寸,价格或数量)的减少
The first,and most stubborn problem was reduction in the number of aircraft.
19. environnment
n. ①环境 ②周围状况
Nobody flourishes in a gloomy environment with irresponsible staff and poor safty record.
20. potential
a. 潜在的 n. ①潜能
All children should be encourage to realize their full potential.
Achieve your full potential. 发挥你的全部潜能。
21. professional
a. ①职业的 ②娴熟的 n.①专业人士 ②职业选手
With this comprehensive knowledge of the history of out,he has since become a professional painter.
22. focus
v. ①(把...)集中(于...) ②(使)聚焦 n. 焦点
focus ... on (使...)集中于
Her children are the focus of her life.